Hirschi and Stark's “The Hellfire” is a theory that has received wide attention in the criminology literature, posits that religion deters criminal behavior by increasing the costs of delinquency through the promise of heavy punishment in the afterlife

After a series of North Korean (NK) missile tests, the Security Council passed a resolution to heavily sanctioned NK. The sanctions are, but not limited to, shutting NK out of global financial system, enacted a ban on NK migrant workers in hopes of limiting Pyongyang’s revenue streams, and ban on NK exports on oil and gas, textiles, seafood, etc. China and Russia are pushing a resolution to the Security Council to remove sanctions on North Korea with the intent of enhancing the livelihood of the civilian population.

For the purpose of this debate, Token Black Girls is defined as small number of African-American women, who are purposely hired or talent-scouted to craft a narrative of "diversity" in entertainment industry. The talent-scouted women usually have physical traits that are more "acceptable" by the Western-Caucasian beauty standards, e.g. lighter skin, pointy nose; and have to be exceptionally talented. Due to this, some token Black Girls earn enormous spotlight and success, like supermodels Naomi Campbell and Tyra Banks.

Victory-centric viewpoint is an angle of story that emphasize the win on the fight to earn independence. Meanwhile Loss-centric viewpoint emphasizes the past suffering (losses) that the nation went through to earn the independence.